COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HATCHLING SUPPLEMENTS
Poultry Industry in India has now
become full-fledged business and recognized as one of the best industry in
animal sector because of its enormous potential to bring rapid growth. The
poultry component occupying top most position as compared to other livestock industry
in India.
India ranks 3rd and 5th in the world with the annual
growth rate of 8% and 15% in respect of egg and poultry meat production
(Mohapatra, 2005). The production was 37 billion eggs during 2003 which
represented a 13 fold increase over 1961. Poultry meat production in the
country increased 18 fold from 81,000 T in 1961 to 1,440,000 T in 2003. Broiler
production recorded 400 fold increases from 4 million in 1971 to 1600 millions
in 2003. As per these figures, it is
evident that the broiler industry recorded faster growth than egg industry
(Mohapatra, 2005) which has transformed itself from backyard farming into
dynamic agro based industry. It has not merely developed in size but also in
productivity and quality. India has one of the
world’s largest and fastest growing poultry industries Real Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) grew 6.4 per cent annually during 2000-2008, making India the
second fastest growing major economy in the world (after China). According to the Ministry of Food Processing
Industries, about 70 per cent of poultry is in the organized sector and 30 per
cent is in the unorganized sector.
India’s poultry production has been growing
about 8-10% annually over the past decade and more than 15% over the past three
years, according to an ICRA assessment. USDA’s official projection for 2012 is
2.75 million tons; unofficial projections are as high as 3.2 million tons.
Broiler production grew at an annual percentage growth rate of 8.35% from 2001
(1.25 million metric tons) to 2010 (2.65 million metric tons). Per capita
consumption has grown from 1.22 kilograms in 2001 to 2.26 kilograms in 2010, an
increase of 185%. The total egg production for the year 2010-11 was an
estimated around 61.45 billion as compared to 21.1 billion during 1990-91. As
per FAOSTAT latest production data for the year 2010, India’s poultry
production has been growing about 8-10% annually over the past decade and more
than 15% over the past three years. India's share
of the world trade in poultry and poultry products is very small. However, the
country has come a long way during the last decade increasing its value of
exports from nearly Rs. 11
crores in 1993-94 to around Rs. 441
crores during 2007-08. Poultry Sector, besides providing direct or indirect
employment to nearly 3 million people is a potent tool for subsidiary income
generation for many landless and marginal farmers and also provides nutritional
security especially to the rural poor. India's poultry exports are mainly shell eggs and egg
products. Export chicken
meat, shell egg and egg product in 2010 are 602, 23585, 12947 MT respectively (BAHS,
2010 Govt. of India (Ministry of agriculture).
Production of quality assured eggs and
broiler meat has opened the global market opportunity for better economics of
poultry farming. Irrespective of tremendous obstacles, the industry is having
golden future with continuous increase in domestic market, rapid
industrialization and economic liberalization. To nourish the rapidly
increasing number of broiler chickens, poultry nutrition is going through a
gradual but constant change in feed formulation with a steady improvement in
feed efficiency, from around 2 in the early 1980s to 1.70 as on today. This
improvement is due to the improved genetic potential, nutrition and better
managemental practices in broiler farming.
Over the past decades, agriculture has
markedly improved its efficiency in order to provide for the ever-increasing
nutritional needs of the human population. Thirty years ago, ninety days were
required to produce 2 to 2.25 kg chicken, whereas in present situation the
broiler achieves this weight within 35 to 40 days. These changes were made
possible because of genetic selection of bird for growth performance, better
knowledge of dietary needs, improved management systems such as confinement
rearing and better disease control measures. This reduction of rearing period
make the first week of life more crucial which could affect on growth, feed
efficiency, uniformity and finally economic beneficial.
Optimum performance depends mainly on
nutrition and managemental practices. Nutrition includes balanced diet with
certain feed additives to enhance growth and immunity (Noy and Sklan, 1998; Toledo
et al., 2001; Pezeshkian, 2002, Panda et al., 2006). Growth
rate, egg production and survival rate are directly responsible for profitable
poultry production. The variability in growth rate being the main manipulating
factor, should be thoroughly investigated. It is well accepted that the faster
growth rate with superior feed efficiency is not possible by the conventional
feeding standards and ingredients for improved broiler performance. The broilers
are always under stress due to various factors such as, transportation time, un
availability of feed or water in early hours, pressure of faster growth,
vaccination, chilling, overcrowding, changes in feed ingredients, weather
conditions and diseases etc. Under such circumstances early or late feeding
suppresses or eliminate harmful organisms from body to improve the growth rate
and feed efficiency.
Practically
it takes 12-24 hrs before newly hatched chicks receive
their exogenous feed and water. Incubators are opened when all chicks of a
batch have been hatched, while in some cases chicks have to be sexed,
vaccinated etc., which may extend the off feed time. Although, it is believed
that residual yolk can cover some hours, it may not be enough for those birds
that hatched early. This is expressed most clearly during transport of chicks
from hatchery to the farm. Birds are precocial
and will forage for feed immediately and begin to grow, whereas holding them
without feed results in body weight loss for some 24 h after poultry are fed
(Moran, 1990; Pinchasov and Noy, 1993; Henderson et al., 2008). Under commercial practice eggs within a single tray
will hatch over a 24-36 hr window during which time the birds which have piped
are without feed. The early hatching chicks are therefore at a disadvantage
because of the prolonged fasting period and potential dehydration (Tweed, 2005). Logistics within the hatchery such as sexing,
grading, vaccinations, beak trimming, comb dubbing and transport to the farm involve
a further holding period. During this time, chicks decrease in weight at an
approximate rate of 4 g per 24 h due in part to moisture loss as well as yolk
and pectoral muscle utilization (Noy,
et al.,
1996. Khan, et al.,
2004 Noy
and Sklan, 1998; Halevy et al., 2003;
Tona et al., 2003 and Careghi et al., 2005). Thus, birds are often
held for 48 h or more before initial access to feed and water which can have
lasting negative effects (Tarvid, 1992; Knight and Dibner, 1998; Noy and Sklan
2001; Batal and Parsons, 2002; Juul-Madsen et
al., 2004). Delaying access to feed and water makes hatchlings more
susceptible to pathogens (Dibner et al.,
1998), increased weight loss (Noy and Sklan, 1999) and the development of
critical tissues is restricted (Halevy et
al., 2000; Moore et al., 2005). All this leads to irreversible damage to
muscle development and retarded growth through marketing. These effects are
more pronounced in the modern strains of meat–type poultry which are
characterized by elevated metabolic rate compared to older strains (Tona et al., 2004).
Chicks
are precocial and therefore capable of moving around on their own soon after
hatching and will forage for feed and water before growth begins. Keeping birds
from feed results in loss of weight till at least 24 hrs. after birds are fed.
Water is one of most essential nutrients during this period (Fairchild et al., 2006). Chicks may
dehydrate when the time between hatching and first water intake is too long.
This results in a loss of bodily functions, including temperature regulation,
metabolism, transport of nutrients, and elimination of body wastes.
Several
publications suggest that during the first days of post-hatch, yolk is being
used as maintenance where as exogenous energy is utilized for growth
(Batal and Parsons, 2002).
However, deutectomy (yolk sac removal) studies (Baranyiova, 1972)
contradict this theory. Recent studies demonstrate that the early provision of
nutrients from the yolk sac, resulting in improved gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
development and gut associated immune system. Research suggests that early
protein intake might stimulate protein satellite cells, which are myogenic
precursor cells and instrumental in determining later stage muscle development.
Early
provision of both energy and water support chicks in its thermoregulation, so
newly hatched chick can adapt from a poikilothermic
i.e. it cannot adjust its heat production to ambient
temperatures. As a consequence, a lower
ambient temperature leads to a drop in body temperature, depending on the
isolation abilities and size of the chick. After a
couple of days the chick becomes more
homeothermic, i.e. it can adjust
its heat production to ambient
temperature and therefore, withstand a lowering of its body temperature
as a consequence of a drop in ambient temperature to a homeothermic birds.
It
may also provide a solution for hatcheries to propose new nutrient cherry
considering the water or nutritional supply of day-old chicks during transport.
Hence present study is proposed to evaluate the effect of early or late feeding
with hatchling supplements (fruits) on performance of
broilers chickens.
OBJECTIVES
:
·
To study the performance of broiler chicken
subjected to early or late feeding with hatchling
supplements (fruits).
·
To study the effect of early or late feeding with
hatchling
supplements (fruits) on the development of gastrointestinal tract and
digestive organ of broiler chickens.
·
Assessment
of immune status and carcass traits of broiler chickens fed early or late feed.
·
To study the economics of broiler
production.
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